[258] According to CAIN, the IRA was responsible for 1,705 deaths, about 48% of the total conflict deaths. [337] The IRA received support from the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in the 1970s, attending training camps in the Middle East. [n 22][1][280] Any vacancies on the Executive would then be filled by substitutes previously elected by the convention. The IRA is gone. [168], An IRA wall mural in Coalisland, County Tyrone. [26][27] The IRA itself lost 275â300 members[28] and an estimated 10,000 imprisoned at various times over the 30-year period.[1][29]. In August 1969, a confrontation between Catholic residents of the Bogside and police Londonderry ollowing an Apprentice Boys of Derry march led to a large communal riot now referred to as the Battle of the Bogside â three days of fighting between rioters throwing stones and petrol bombs and police who saturated the area with CS gas. The IRA called a final ceasefire in July 1997, when Sinn Féin were re-admitted into the Northern Ireland peace talks. [185] They delivered the Downing Street Declaration which conceded the right of Irish people to self-determination, but with separate referendums in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. [19][20], The IRA agreed to a ceasefire in February 1975, which lasted nearly a year[21] before the IRA concluded that the British were drawing them into politics without offering any guarantees in relation to the IRA’s goals (as well as launching an intelligence offensive),[22] and hopes of a quick victory receded. [361][362] However, there are claims the IRA "licensed" certain dealers to operate and forced them to pay protection money. This organization has existed since 1919 and is said to be responsible for the deaths of … [346] Unlike loyalists, the IRA denied responsibility for sectarian attacks and the members involved used cover names, such as "Republican Action Force". One of its common slogans is “out of the ashes rose the provisionals”.[57]. [161], A process called “Criminalisation” was begun in the mid-1970s as part of a British strategy of “Criminalisation, Ulsterisation, and Normalisation”. An RUC report of 1986 estimated that the IRA had 300 or so members in Active Service Units and up to 750 active members in total in Northern Ireland. [351][353], To fund its campaign, the IRA was allegedly involved in criminal activities such as robberies, counterfeiting, protection rackets, kidnapping for ransom, fuel laundering and cigarette smuggling. [153][324] Journalist Brendan O'Brien states by the late 1980s the IRA had roughly 300 active volunteers and 450 more in support roles,[325] while historian Richard English states in 1988 the IRA was believed to have no more than thirty experienced gunmen and bombers, with a further twenty volunteers with less experience and 500 more in support roles. [344], The IRA publicly condemned sectarianism and sectarian attacks, however some IRA members did carry out sectarian attacks. An IRA signpost with the word “Provoland” underneath in Strathroy, Omagh, County Tyrone. Founded in 2006, Historum is a history forum dedicated to history discussions and historical events. [153], Peter Mandelson, a former Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, contrasted the post-1997 activities of the IRA with those of Al-Qaeda, describing the latter as “terrorists” and the former as “freedom fighters” (though Mandelson subsequently denied this sentiment). [n 24][304][305] These orders were relaxed in 1976 due to sentences in the Republic of Ireland for IRA membership being increased from two years to seven years imprisonment. [n 6][85] Despite the declared support of that faction of Sinn Féin, the early Provisional IRA avoided political activity, instead relying on physical force republicanism. [351] Henry Patterson, a professor at the University of Ulster, concludes that while the IRA's campaign was unavoidably sectarian, it did not amount to ethnic cleansing. The renewed bombings caused severe economic damage, with the Manchester bombing and the Docklands bombing causing approximately £500 million in combined damage. The civilian figure also includes civilians employed by British forces, politicians, members of the judiciary, and alleged criminals and informers. [210], On 8 February 2008, Roy McShane was taken into police protection after being unmasked as an informant. [67] By the late 1980s and early 1990s, it was estimated that in the late 1980s the IRA had roughly 300 members in ASUs and about another 450 serving in supporting roles. [340], In May 1996, the Federal Security Service, Russia's internal security service, accused Estonia of arms smuggling, and claimed that the IRA had bought weapons from arms dealers linked to Estonia's volunteer defence force, Kaitseliit. They in no way reflect my own opinions and I take no responsibility for any inaccuracies or factual errors. [121], According to several sources, the organisation has also been involved in the Irish drugs trade. Following negotiations with the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) and secret talks with British civil servants, the IRA ultimately called a ceasefire in 1994 on the understanding that Sinn Féin would be included in political talks for a settlement. [208] When asked whether he felt Donaldson’s role as an informer in Sinn Féin was significant, the IRA double agent using the pseudonym “Kevin Fulton” described Donaldson’s role as a spy within Sinn Féin as “the tip of the iceberg”. [14], Secret Undercover British Army Terrorist Force – Military Reaction Force Disclosed. The British refused and the talks broke up. In September 2008, the nineteenth report of the Independent Monitoring Commission stated that the IRA was “committed to the political path” and no longer represented “a threat to peace or to democratic politics”, and that the IRA’s Army Council was “no longer operational or functional”. Northern Ireland is a region of scenic beauty, rich culture and Celtic charm – but its recent history has been marred by political tension, sectarianism and terrorism. [109] By the late 1970s the IRA had restructured the organisation,[322] with the British Army estimating the IRA had 500 full-time volunteers. The body was either buried or, later in the IRA campaign, left in a public place, often in South Armagh. CAIN: Revised and Updated Extracts from Sutton's Book, "The Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Development of Mortars", "Chief Constable's statement â PSNI's assessment of the current status of the Provisional IRA", "IRA's hardline faction gets a stronger voice", "Playing the 'Green Card' - Financing the Provisional IRA: Part 1", "Twelfth report of the Independent Monitoring Commission", "Dreaming of an "Irish Tet Offensive": Irish Republican prisoners & the origins of the Peace Process", "Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)", "Sutton Index of Deaths: Organisation responsible for the death", "Revised and Updated Extracts from Sutton's Book", "Sutton Index of Deaths: Select and Crosstabulations", "Sutton Index of Deaths: Status of the person killed", CAIN (Conflict Archive Internet) Archive of IRA statements, Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, Dragonworld (II): Deception, Tradecraft, and the Provisional IRA, International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, "Operation Banner: An analysis of military operations in Northern Ireland", Ãglaigh na hÃireann (Continuity IRA splinter group), Ãglaigh na hÃireann (Real IRA splinter group), Bombings of King's Cross and Euston stations, Carlton Tower and Portman Hotel shootings, Belfast, Crumlin, Killyleagh & Coleraine attacks, Ceasefires of the Provisional IRA, UVF, UDA and RHC, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army&oldid=993937626, Proscribed paramilitary organisations in Northern Ireland, Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom, Organizations designated as terrorist in Europe, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Irish English, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, ÐелаÑÑÑÐºÐ°Ñ (ÑаÑаÑкевÑÑа)â, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Unknown, estimated at 10,000 over the course of the Troubles. [342][343] Irish Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform, Michael McDowell, stated the IRA was to be paid up to $35 million to train FARC in bomb-making techniques, including shaped charges, propane bombs, landmines and the construction of mortars. [295], The IRA's goal was an all-Ireland democratic socialist republic. According to former Irish Minister for Justice Michael McDowell, these organisations have little more than 150 members each. This claim remains unsubstantiated so far. [132] In efforts to stamp out “anti-social behaviour” and alleged instances of drug dealing reported to or noticed by the organisation, the IRA killed or otherwise attacked suspected drug dealers and other suspected criminals. [382] In the 1980s, many IRA members were arrested after being implicated by former IRA members known as "supergrasses" such as Raymond Gilmour. In 1977 the IRA evolved a new strategy which they called the "Long War", which would remain their strategy for the rest of the Troubles. [239], The IRA was mainly active in Northern Ireland, although it took its campaign to England and mainland Europe, and limited activity also took place in the Republic of Ireland. [16][17] The campaign was supported by arms and funding from Libya[18] and from some groups in the United States. [n 12][126][127] This was designed to deal with the fears of unionists over a united Ireland, an Ulster parliament with a narrow Protestant majority would provide them with protection for their interests. [189], In 2011 Sinn Féin President Gerry Adams said: “The war is over. By the end of 1971, it had 1,200 members, giving it a large but loosely controlled structure.[63]. The phrase originated with the British military strategist Frank Kitson who was active in Northern Ireland during the early 1970s. [343][344] In 2005 a commander in the National Army of Colombia stated IRA techniques were being used all over Colombia by FARC, and British military experts confirmed bombs used by FARC had previously been used by the IRA. [104] Loyalist paramilitaries tended to target Catholics with no connection to the republican movement, seeking to undermine support for the IRA. [227] In response, the British government commissioned the Assessment on Paramilitary Groups in Northern Ireland, which concluded in October 2015 that the IRA, while committed to peace, continued to exist in a reduced form. Roughly £100,000 was donated by the Irish government to “Defence Committees” in Catholic areas and, according to historian Richard English, “there is now no doubt that some money did go from the Dublin government to the proto-Provisionals”. [189][190] A new strategy known as "TUAS" was revealed to the IRA's rank-and-file following the ceasefire, described as either "Tactical Use of Armed Struggle" to the Irish republican movement or "Totally Unarmed Strategy" to the broader Irish nationalist movement. Ive got a few left…, Introduction to my book: Read it here plus top reviews, Captain Robert Falcon Scott & the ill fated Terra Nova Expedition, Signed copy of my book & update on book launch /Promo. [n 10][109] IRA recruitment was further increased after Bloody Sunday in Derry on 30 January 1972, when the British Army killed fourteen unarmed civilians during an anti-internment march. [138][139] By July the Army Council was concerned at the progress of the talks, concluding there was no prospect of a lasting peace without a public declaration by the British government of their intent to withdraw from Ireland. [246][252] These included the Donegall Street bombing which killed seven people including four civilians, and Bloody Friday, when nine people, five of them civilians, were killed when twenty-two bombs were planted in a one-mile radius of Belfast city centre. [41][42][43] The two main issues were the acceptance of the “National Liberation Strategy” and a motion to end abstentionism and to recognise the British, Irish and Northern Ireland parliaments. [386] In May 2003, an American website named Freddie Scappaticci as being a British spy code-named Stakeknife. [213][214] On 26 September 2005, the IICD announced that "the totality of the IRA's arsenal" had been decommissioned. In Northern Ireland, the IRA are referred to as terrorists by the Ulster Unionist Party, the Democratic Unionist Party, the Progressive Unionist Party, the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland,[151] and the Social Democratic and Labour Party. [5][6][240] The IRA's offensive campaign mainly targeted the British Army (including the UDR) and the RUC, with British soldiers being the IRA's preferred target. [170] There are allegations of contact with the East German Stasi, based on the testimony of a Soviet defector to British intelligence Vasili Mitrokhin. Both reject the Good Friday Agreement and continue to engage in paramilitary activity. The ceasefire, however, broke down in January 1976.[21]. [n 18][250] Civilian deaths were counter-productive to the IRA, as they provided the British with propaganda coups and affected recruitment and funding. $157.98 per adult. In addition to bombings and occasional gun attacks in England, the IRA also used hoax, In addition to the scheduled General Army Conventions, the Executive, by a, Delegates might spend over a day travelling to the General Army Convention, due to the elaborate security and, The Executive and Army Council elected in September 1970 remained in place until 1986, filling vacancies by, Prior to May 1972 IRA volunteers in the Republic of Ireland were tried in normal courts. The GAC was the IRA’s supreme decision-making authority. It saw itself as the successor to the original IRA and called itself simply the Irish Republican Army, or Ãglaigh na hÃireann in Irish. The IRA initially believed that this was the start of a long-term process of British withdrawal, but later came to the conclusion that Rees was trying to bring them into peaceful politics without offering them any guarantees. [97] The Provisional IRA's strategy was to use force to cause the collapse of the Northern Ireland government and to inflict heavy casualties on the British Army that the British government would be forced by public opinion to withdraw from Ireland. One particular example of the killing of a person deemed by the IRA to have been an informer that is the source of continuing controversy is that of Jean McConville from Belfast, who was killed by the IRA. The IRA have had contacts with foreign governments and other illegal armed organisations. Among the weaponry estimated (by Jane’s Information Group) to have been destroyed as part of this process were: A “Sniper at Work” sign in Crossmaglen. In August 1969, the Belfast Brigade had just 50 active members. In addition, there were work stoppages and large demonstrations all over Ireland in sympathy with the hunger strikers. The IRA’s primary goal was to force the British to negotiate a withdrawal from Northern Ireland. The IRA’s initial strategy was to use force to cause the collapse of the government of Northern Ireland and to inflict enough casualties on British forces that the British government would be forced by public opinion to withdraw from the region. [164], The popular support for the IRA’s campaign in the Troubles is hard to gauge, given that Sinn Féin, the IRA’s political wing, did not stand in elections until the early 1980s. [25] Traditional republicans refused to vote on the "National Liberation Front" and it was passed by twenty-nine votes to seven. Despite its name, the New IRA is firmly wedded to the past. [8] Tommy McKearney states that while the IRA's goal was a socialist republic, there was no coherent analysis or understanding of socialism itself, other than an idea that the details would be worked out following an IRA victory. By the 2011 Irish general election Sinn Féin’s proportion of the popular vote had reached 9.9 percent. [303] The IRA rejected the authority of the courts in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, and its standing orders did not allow volunteers on trial in a criminal court to enter a plea or recognise the authority of the court, doing so could lead to expulsion from the IRA. Northern Ireland was created in 1920 under the Government of Ireland Act, due to Ulster unionist lobbying to be excluded from Home Rule for Ireland. [145][148] As result of the withdrawal of Special Category Status, in September 1976 IRA prisoner Kieran Nugent began the blanket protest in the Maze Prison, when hundreds of prisoners refused to wear prison uniforms.[149][150]. [129] Catholics did, however, serve in the UDV,[130] Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), and Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC). [191] The British government refused to admit Sinn Féin to multi-party talks before the IRA decommissioned its weapons, and a standoff began as the IRA refused to disarm before a final peace settlement had been agreed. [39] According to Lost Lives, the IRA was responsible for 1,781 deaths, about 47% of the total conflict deaths. [357][358], Generally, the IRA was against drug dealing and prostitution, because it would be unpopular within Catholic communities and for moral reasons. However, he went on to say “we refuse to criminalise those who break the law in pursuit of legitimate political objectives”. [96] Mac StÃofáin made demands including British withdrawal, removal of the British Army from sensitive areas, and a release of republican prisoners and an amnesty for fugitives. A number of the teenagers were attacked and shots were fired into the air. [388] In December 2005, Sinn Féin member and former IRA volunteer Denis Donaldson appeared at a press conference in Dublin and confessed to being a British spy since the early 1980s. [389][390] Donaldson, who ran Sinn Féin's operations in New York during the Northern Ireland peace process, was expelled by the party. [291][292] The old structures were used for support activities such as policing nationalist areas, intelligence-gathering, and hiding weapons,[293] while the bulk of attacks were carried out by active service units, using weapons controlled by the brigade's quartermaster. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it is sometimes described as an "irregular war" or "low-level war". This saw them conduct a war of attrition against the British and increase emphasis on political activity, via the political party Sinn Féin.[24]. In addition, they recruited many young nationalists from the north, who had not been involved in the IRA before, but had been radicalised by the communal violence that broke out in 1969. Peter Brooke's speech is known as the Whitbread Speech as it was given at the Whitbread Restaurant in London, in front of the British Association of Canned Food Importers & Distributors. Between 1969 and 1999 the world watched in despair as Northern Ireland was wracked by … [163], In the early to mid-1970s, the numbers recruited by the IRA may have reached several thousand, but these were reduced when the IRA re-organised its structures from 1977 onwards. The IRA enjoyed some popular support in the Republic of Ireland in the early 70s. [9] The British Army estimates the IRA had 500 volunteers in July 1971, 130 in Derry and 340 in Belfast,[n 26][321] by the end of the year the IRA in Belfast had over 1,200 volunteers. [339] The shipment included twenty-nine AK-47 assault rifles, twenty-nine French submachine guns, seven RPG-7 rocket launchers and sixty rocket-propelled grenades, two Bren light machine guns, mortars, grenades and ammunition. Unlike Southern Ireland, which would become the Irish Free State in 1922, the majority of Northern Ireland's population were unionists, who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom. [128] This was made possible by a feeling of mistrust by some members of the community against the police force and army. Sinn Féin is widely regarded as the political wing of the IRA, but the party insists that the two organisations are separate. [40] Although the pro-Goulding commander Billy McMillen stayed in command, he was told it was only for three months and he was not to have any communication with the IRA’s Dublin based leadership. [163][164] The Chelsea Barracks bombing in London in October 1981 killed two civilians; a week later the IRA struck again in London by an assassination attempt on Steuart Pringle, the Commandant General Royal Marines. [9] Journalists Eamonn Mallie and Patrick Bishop state roughly 8,000 people passed through the ranks of the IRA in the first 20 years of its existence, many of them leaving after arrest, retirement or disillusionment. [414] The Real IRA is best known for the 1998 Omagh bombing which killed 29 civilians, and the 2009 Massereene Barracks shooting which killed two British soldiers. [381] Residents went there to report crime as well as to make complaints about the security forces. Hadi Ghaffari, the “machinegun mullah”, was sent to Belfast and organised the distribution of the money via sympathetic Irish businessmen. [173] The speech was given in London the following month, with Peter Brooke stating that the British government would not give in to violence but offering significant political change if violence stopped, ending his statement by saying: The British government has no selfish, strategic or economic interest in Northern Ireland: Our role is to help, enable and encourage ... Partition is an acknowledgement of reality, not an assertion of national self-interest. The IRA was responsible for more deaths than any other organisation during the Troubles. [419] RAAD, "the IRA", and some smaller groups merged with the Real IRA in 2012 to form the New IRA. The history of Northern Ireland can be traced back to the 17th century, when the English finally succeeded in subduing the island after successfully putting down a number of rebellions. [259] Of these, 1,009 (about 59%) were members or former members of the British security forces, while 508 (about 29%) were civilians. ... A History of the Northern Ireland Conflict': "From the start, the Unionist party’s leaders believed that the new state [of Northern Ireland] could only survive if the levers of … The decommissioning of its weaponry was supervised by the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning (IICD). Fermanagh, South Down and North Antrim had units not attached to Brigades. [53][54] Protestants were given preference in jobs and housing, and local government constituencies were gerrymandered in places such as Derry. The Army Council withdrew its support for Ãire Nua in 1979. [411] This group was inactive for several years while acquiring weapons and finance,[412] their first attack was in 1994 during the Provisional IRA's first ceasefire. However, under his usage, the name was written and pronounced according to Irish orthography and pronunciation as “P. This was due to the difficulty in identifying members of the IRA, ease of targeting, and many loyalists believing ordinary Catholics were in league with the IRA. Email. Secret meetings between Provisional IRA leaders Ruairà à Brádaigh and Billy McKee with British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Merlyn Rees secured an IRA ceasefire which began in February 1975. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. Ulster Defence Association – Hunting The IRA (Documentary), From 1973, the IRA started to move away from the larger conventional military organisational principle owing to its security vulnerability. Mitrokhin revealed that although the Soviet KGB gave some weapons to the Marxist Official IRA, it had little sympathy with the Provisionals. [1][280] GHQ's largest department, the quartermaster general's, accounted for approximately 20% of the IRA's personnel, and was responsible for acquiring weapons and smuggling them to Ireland where they would be hidden in arms dumps, and distributed them to IRA units as needed. In a statement read by Séanna Breathnach, the organisation stated that it had instructed its members to dump all weapons and not to engage in “any other activities whatsoever” apart from assisting “the development of purely political and democratic programmes through exclusively peaceful means”. On 26 July 2012, it was announced that some former members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army were merging with the Real Irish Republican Army, other independent republican paramilitary groups and the vigilante group Republican Action Against Drugs (but, notably, not with the Continuity Irish Republican Army) into a unified formation known simply as the “Irish Republican Army”. [179][180] In December 1992 Patrick Mayhew, who had succeeded Peter Brooke as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, gave a speech directed at the IRA in Coleraine, stating that while Irish reunification could be achieved by negotiation the British government would not give in to violence. [citation needed], In May 1996, the Federal Security Service (FSB), Russia’s internal security service, publicly accused Estonia of arms smuggling, and claimed that the IRA had contacted representatives of Estonia’s volunteer defence force, Kaitseliit, and some non-government groups to buy weapons. The prison protest against criminalisation culminated in the 1981 Irish hunger strike, when seven IRA and three Irish National Liberation Army members starved themselves to death in pursuit of political status. Website +44 28 9024 0504. [205] He was expelled from Sinn Féin and was said to have been debriefed by the party. [50] Chief-of-staff Cathal Goulding wanted the IRA to adopt a socialist agenda and become involved in politics, while traditional republicans such as Seán Mac StÃofáin wanted to increase recruitment and rebuild the IRA. For a detailed breakdown of casualties caused by and inflicted on the IRA see Provisional IRA campaign 1969-1997#Casualties. [215][216] The weaponry, estimated by Jane's Information Group, decommissioned as part of this process included: Having compared the weapons decommissioned with the British and Irish security forces' estimates of the IRA's arsenal, and because of the IRA's full involvement in the process of decommissioning the weapons, the IICD arrived at their conclusion that all IRA weaponry has been decommissioned. [290] Similar changes were made elsewhere in the IRA by 1977, moving away from the larger conventional military organisational principle owing to its security vulnerability. Adams said he was “too philosophical” to feel betrayed.[211]. In 1992, many of them voted for SDLP West Belfast candidate Joe Hendron rather than a unionist candidate to make sure Gerry Adams of Sinn Féin lost his seat in the constituency. [329] Maria McGuire states the IRA received fifty revolvers from ETA in exchange for explosives training. [67] Veteran republicans were critical of Cathal Goulding and the IRA's Dublin leadership which, for political reasons, had refused to prepare for aggressive action in advance of the violence. [367], During the Troubles, the IRA took on the role of policing in some nationalist areas of Northern Ireland. [193][196] A senior member of the PSNI, Assistant Chief Constable Peter Sheridan, said that it was unlikely that the IRA would disband in the foreseeable future. [197] The IRA's campaign continued with the Manchester bombing on 15 June, which injured over 200 people and caused an estimated £400 million of damage to the city centre. [65] This does not take into consideration the IRA units in the Republic of Ireland or those in Britain, continental Europe, and throughout the world. [citation needed], Membership of the IRA remains illegal in both the UK and the Republic of Ireland, but IRA prisoners convicted of offences committed before 1998 have been granted conditional early release as part of the Good Friday Agreement. Military strategist Frank Kitson who was active in 2009 northern ireland ira history Independence ( ). [ 227 ] however, some members of the Troubles, also killed alleged.. Killings of two former IRA members and members of the United Kingdom Army, Royal Constabulary! Traditional hierarchy and battalion structure. [ 57 ] a walkout ).! Ira refers to its ordinary members as volunteers ( or large ) donation then please donât let me stop.. Volunteers were imprisoned than killed a statement denying any involvement in IRA activity the official police forceâthe Royal Constabulary! Damage, with the Manchester bombing and the events that led to the British security forces and! 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[ n 2 ] [ 380 ] it was accused of providing explosives for assassination! Some popular support in the late 1960s, the Belfast Brigade had just 50 active members eastern. 1,707 and a number of people injured has been charged with his killing votes cast the... [ 134 ] [ 40 ] in addition, roughly 50â60 members of the Irish National Liberation Army a. Failure of the money via sympathetic Irish businessmen been Lost due to IRA GHQ 418 ] also in,! The Border campaign, internal debate took place regarding the future of the Boyne ).
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