The fact is that recognition of such plausibility is a type of knowledge which epistemologists are obligated to note and account for.  âBasic convictionsâ cannot be avoided; and such convictions may be proved only through circular argument.  Therefore circular argument is unavoidable, at the level of basic conviction.  This sort of circularity is not a defect in one system as opposed to others.  It is an element of all systems.  It is part of the human condition.  It is altogether natural, the, that the term âknowledgeâ be applied to basic convictions, and if no technical account has yet been given of this sort of knowledge, then such an account is overdue. Pantheism denies God’s transcendence. 1, p. 125. ?  Would that be sufficient to destroy our faith in the Resurrection?  It would be hard to imagine any stronger sort of âfalsificationâ for any event of past history.  And I don’t doubt that many would be swayed by it.  But many would not be.  I for one would entertain all sorts of questions about the biases of these documents and those of the scholars who interpreted them.  I would want to check out the whole question myself before conceding the point of doctrine.  And what if I did check it out and found no way of refuting the anti-Resurrection position?  Would that constitute a disproof?  Not for me, and I think not for very many professing Christians.  We all know how abstruse scholarly argument can be; there are so many things that can go wrong!  In such a situation, it is not difficult to say âWell, I can’t prove the scholars wrong, but they may be wrong nonetheless.â And if the love of Christ has become precious to me, and if I have been strongly convinced that the Bible is his word, I am more likely to believe what he says in I Cor. He is also immanent, present within the universe that He has made (Ps. And because we believe those commitments true, we believe that those arguments ought to be persuasive to others too.  A Christian theist, while conceding that the argument for God’s existence is circular, nevertheless will claim that the argument is sound and persuasive.  For he devoutly believes that his position is true, and he believes that it can be recognized clearly as such.  He believes that God made men to think in terms of this circularity, rather than in terms of some competing circularity.21. Both elements are important for a Biblical understanding of the Biblical God. 1) What do we mean by the “transcendence of God?” 2) Does Scripture confirm the transcendence and immanence of God? Deism denies God’s immanence. Paul says that there is "one God and Father of all, who is over all and through all and in all (Ephesians 4:6). Immanence as defined by The Free Dictionary' is "existing or remaining within". (For they remember how H. G. Wells’sThe Invisible Man could be both smelt and touched though he could not be seen.) This sort of point, which is very common in twentieth-century theology, is essentially a religious appeal to the divine transcendence.  God is the Lord, the creator, the redeemer.  To him belong all praise and glory. How can any human language ever be âfittedâ to the conveyance of his word?  Surely human language, like everything human and finite, can only be a servant, confessing its own unfitness, its own inadequacy.  The Bible cannot be revelation; it can only serve revelation.  To claim anything more for human language, for the Bible, is to dishonor God, to elevate something finite and human to divine status.  To claim anything more is to think of revelation âin abstraction fromâ God himself and from Jesus Christ.13 It is not just a mistake; it is an impiety. The personification of the concept of the Word of God … does not signify any lessening of its verbal character.14. 20 How do we know?  That’s hard to say; but we do.  Some circular arguments simply are more plausible than others.  âTruth is a giant onion, for all true statements are onion shoots in disguise.â That argument is best interpreted as a circular one, the conclusion being presupposed in the reason offered.  But there is something absurd about it.  âReason is necessary, for one must use reason even in order to deny it.â That too, is circular, but it seems much more plausible.  A sceptic might say that the second argument seems plausible because it is our argument, while the first is not. 16 Note Ludwig Wittgenstein’s interesting discussion of this point in Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology and Religious Belief, Compiled from Notes taken by Yorick Smythies, Rush Rhees and James Taylor, ed.  Cyril Barrett (Oxford: Blackwell, 1966), pp. Rather it is a reminder of His immanence. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> 23 Rom. 1: 19-21a; note the phrase gnontes ton theon, âknowing God.â. 139:7). In Christianity, God and his creation, including humans, do not share the same essence or nature. casting immanence as a characteristic of a transcendent God (common in Abrahamic religions), subsuming immanent personal gods in a greater transcendent being (such as with Brahman in Hinduism), or approaching the question of transcendence as something which can only be answered through an appraisal of immanence. Hegel serves as the model of immanence within the nineteenth century. [1] Though transcendence and immanence are complementary characteristics of God, they must be understood by believers in the appropriate sequence for God to be rightly comprehended. The transcendent and immanent nature of God meet in the mysterious revelation that Christ is both God and man. 19 Some readers may be helped here by the observation that there are many different degrees of âbasicnessâ among our convictions.  All of our convictions govern life to some degree.  When someone disagrees with one of our opinions. 15, critiques backed up with massive documentation, interviews with alleged witnesses, etc.  And then: what if the twenty-five most important New Testament scholars claimed on the basis of this discovery that belief in the physical Resurrection of Christ was untenable! And insofar as we try to be consistent, we try to bring all of life and thought into accord with that basic conviction.19 Nothing inconsistent with that conviction is to be tolerated. say, the team batting average of the Pittsburgh Pirates.  It is much more difficult to persuade me that the earth is flat!  In the first instance, citation of one presumable competent authority is enough.  In the second instance, the intrinsic unlikelihood of a flat earth would bring into question the competence of any âpresumably competent authorityâ who held such a position.  Nevertheless. According to theism, immanence occurs in various degrees, more in the personal than the impersonal, in the good than in the evil." This reconciliation is most compelling because Aquinas claims that God is most transcendent from, and most immanent in, creation for the very same reason, i.e. %PDF-1.3 Religious language, then, is âoddâ and it is âordinary.â If an analysis of religious language is to be adequate, it must take both features into account, not just one of them.  Flew and Barth do not reflect very much upon the “ordinariness” of religious language.  They seem to imply that it is a sort of delusion, for it makes a claim to verifiability which cannot on analysis be sustained, or because it betrays a spirit of human pride, because it brings God down to man’s level.  For Barth at least, we gather that the âordinarinessâ of religious language is a mark of its humanity, a mark of its unfitness to convey the word of God.  There is, however, another interpretation of the data â one which does not write off the âordinarinessâ of religious language as a delusion, one which accounts both for the verifiability of religious statements and for their tendency to resist verification, one which illumines the ways in which Scripture itself speaks of God. Attestation is, therefore, the service of this something else, in which the witness answers for the truth of this something else.12. And because God’s own word is supremely odd, it is supremely ordinary.  Because it is supremely authoritative, it is supremely verifiable.  Because it furnishes the ultimate presuppositions of thought, it furnishes the ultimate truths of thought. This, then, is the second form of the objection which I stated at the beginning of the paper, the second way in which human language is said to be disqualified as a medium of divine speech.  Let us briefly examine the third form of the objection before presenting our response: 3.    The third form of our objection is more distinctively theological.  Karl Barth, for example, suggests on theological grounds that human language is unfit to convey truth about God: The pictures in which we view God, the thoughts in which we think Him, the words with which we can define Him, are in themselves unfitted to this object and thus inappropriate to express and affirm’ the knowledge of Him.11, The Bible, further is not itself and in itself God’s past revelation, but by becoming God’s Word it attests God’s past revelation and is God’s past revelation in the form of attestation…. Theologically, it refers to God’s existence within the universe. But how can a commitment be verifiable and nonverifiable at the same time?  How can it present proof, and at the same time resist falsification by contrary evidence?  The resolution of this paradox gets us to the heart of the matter.  Think of a philosopher who is committed to establishing all truth by the evidence of his senses.  Sense-experience is his criterion of truth.  What evidence would disprove that criterion?  In one sense none; for if sense-experience is truly his criterion, then all objections to the criterion will have to be verified through sense-experience.  They will have to be tested by the criterion they oppose.  âDisproof,â as with other basic commitments, will come only when there is something like a crisis of faith.  At the same time, all evidence proves the criterion.  The philosopher will argue very learnedly to establish his conviction.  He will refute contrary claims, he will produce carefully constructed arguments. 11 Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics, Vol.  II: The Doctrine of God, ed.  G. W. Bromiley and T. F. Torrance; trans.  T. H. L. Parker, W. B. Johnston, H. Knight, and J. L. M. Haire (New York: Scribner, 1957), Pt. Someone may object that for many people their religion is not their most basic commitment.  A man may mumble through the church liturgy every Sunday while devoting his existence almost exclusively to acquiring political power.  For him, surely, the liturgy does not express his âbasic commitment.â True; but that is because there is something wrong!  A man like this we call a hypocrite; for the liturgy is intended to express basic conviction and our fanatical politician utters the words deceitfully.  He does not really âbelieve in God, the father almightyâ in the sense of biblical faith, though he says he does.  His real faith is in something else.  The man is a liar.  But his lying use of the language does not change the meaning of it, which is to confess true faith in God. God is immanent in His universe. Filed Under: Blog, Doctrine of Scripture, Frame Articles, Hermeneutics, Philosophy, […] the only one who is capable of moving the goalposts? Christian language is âordinary,â verifiable, because God is not only the transcendent Lord; he is also âwith us,â close to us.  These two attributes do not conflict with one another.  God is close to us because he is Lord.  He is Lord, and thus free to make his power felt everywhere we go.  He is Lord, and thus able to reveal himself clearly to us, distinguishing himself from all mere creatures.  He is Lord, and therefore the most central fact of our experience, the least avoidable, the most verifiable. o�h�@$�&=�.w�mU�g$ Transcendence is about the unknowability of God; it says God is other than all creatures and beyond our capacity to grasp. Immanence is closely related to God's omnipresence, in that God is always present within the universe, though distinct from it.God is 'within' the universe in that God is its sustaining cause. Immanence is about the presence of God in everything. Instead, it is an encounter with God. Both views claim Scriptural support.  Barth can appeal to the basic creator-creature relationship as presented in Scripture: man is a creature; his ultimate trust must rest solely in God.  To put ultimate confidence in something finite is idolatry.  Human words are finite.  Therefore to put ultimate confidence in Scripture is idolatry.  And in a fallen world, such confidence is all the more foolish; for human words are sinful as well as finite.  Sinful speech can never perfectly honor God.  The Gospel precisely requires us to disown any claim to perfection, to confess the inadequacy of all human works, to cast all our hope on the mercy of God.  How can we put ultimate trust in human words and in God’s mercy at the same time? John Frame gives this counter-example in an essay of […], […] [2] Much of what follows is adapted from John Frameâs article, âGod and Biblical Language: Transcendence and Immanence.â […], Flew and Frame on the Parable of the Invisible Gardener | Tolle Lege. The immanence of God is articulated in passages like Acts 17:28, “In [God] we live and move and have our being.” Both ways of seeing God are valid, and theologians often go to great lengths to ensure that we don’t confuse the creation with the Creator. 3 One of the sharpest debates was over the status of the verification principle itself.  Surely it was not to be regarded as a tautology; but it did not seem to be âverifiableâ either in any quasi-scientific sense.  Was it then to be dismissed as âcognitively meaninglessâ?  Ayer himself (see above note) came to the view that the verification principle was a âconventionâ (see his introduction to the anthology Logical Positivism [Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 19591 P. 15).  He maintained that this âconventionâ had some basis in ordinary usage, but admitted that it went beyond ordinary usage in crucial respects. In “The Death of God” theology it is understood that God moved from transcendence to radical immanence culminating in the person of Jesus. casting immanence as a characteristic of a transcendent god (common in Abrahamic religions), subsuming immanent personal gods in a greater transcendent being (such as with Brahman in Hinduism), or approaching the question of transcendence as something which can only be answered through an appraisal of immanence. Religious language is âoddâ in a great number of ways.  Not only does it tend to resist falsification, as Flew has pointed out; it also tends to claim certainty for itself, as opposed to mere possibility or probability.16  It also tends to be connected with moral predicates â as if disbelief in it were a sin, rather than a mere mistake.17 It is frequently spoken with great passion; with Kierkegaard we tend to be suspicious of allegedly religious language which seems detached or uncommitted. Within a particular system, the basic convictions are not only truths; they are the most certain of truths, the criteria of other truths.  If we deny the term âknowledgeâ to these greatest of all certainties, then no lesser certainty can be called âknowledgeâ either.  And no epistemologist may adopt a view which, by doing away with all knowledge, does away with his job!  Knowledge is not an ideal; it is not something which we strive for and never attain.  It is a commonplace of everyday life.  It is the job of epistemologists to account for that commonplace, not to define it out of existence.  One may not define âknowledgeâ in such a way as to require us to transcend our humanity in order to know.  One must defer to the commonplace.  And âknowledge of basic principlesâ is part of that commonplace. Divine transcendence and immanence are the related Christian doctrines that while God is exalted in his royal dignity and exercises both control and authority in his creation (transcendence), he is, by virtue of this control and authority, very present to his creation, especially his people, in a personal and intimate way (immanence). More might be said about this first form of the objection we are discussing â its reliance upon the discredited referential theory of meaning, its strangely generalized concept of âmetaphor,â its dubious presuppositions about the origin and development of language, its ultimate theological roots.  These topics, however, have been adequately discussed elsewhere,1 and my own interests and aptitudes demand that I press on immediately to other aspects of the problem.  The following discussion will raise some basic issues which I trust will shed further light on this first area of concern. â denied that he was there.  Irrational it was, for sin is at its root irrational.  And Scripture tells us that ever since that day sinners have been guilty of the same irrationality.  God is verifiable, knowable, âclearly seenâ in his works;24 but men still â âirrationallyâ because sinfully â deny him.  To the Christian, the denials lapse into cognitive meaninglessness â an attempt to evade God by using atheistic language to describe a patently theistic world. Immanence of God. focuses on how Nürnberger describes the immanence and transcendence of God. A Transcendent God. God’s Immanence vs. Transcendence Immanence is defined as something that exists within something. âKnowledgeâ itself is dreadfully hard to define.  Logicians, epistemologists and scientists have devoted countless hours to the task of finding criteria for genuine knowledge.  Yet knowledge may not be defined as the observance of any such criteria. Knowledge occurred in human life long before there was any science of logic or epistemology or biology, and people still gain knowledge without referring to such disciplines.  These disciplines try to conceptualize, define, understand a phenomenon which exists independently of those disciplines.  They do not make knowledge possible.  And their concepts of knowledge change rather frequently.  It would be presumptuous indeed to suppose that these disciplines have succeeded at last in defining everything which constitutes âknowledge.â Thus, if the recognition of plausibility in a circular argument does not fit any existing technical criteria of âknowledge,â then so much the worse for those criteria. : Presbyterian and Reformed, 1961) pp. if there were a full-scale revolution among scientists over systems of measurement, and cogent reasons could be given for reverting to a flat earth view, I might be persuaded to reconsider.  Some convictions, then, we relinquish less easily than others; and the âmost basic convictionsâ (which we focus upon in the text of the article) are relinquished least easily of all.  In fact, we never relinquish those unless at the same time we change in our basic concept of rationality. However, besides being transcendent, God also possesses immanence (nearness), and it is in His immanence that God chooses to draw near to His creation. How thankful I am, not only to see these features revealed in Scripture but to have experienced, consciously, both of them. “Immanence” is the counterpart of transcendence – it refers to how God is present in this world. C�0�s�|K��Tuhv��nL?�j"���4vq��G�����Fb1MD+��6����F/ڼ�:[�їN^x��)��:P'aM"m���u�/)bDk!�2K��j�-�Qb�����:�ڬ��n�j�V��hQETz&��0&on��2��ۙ���b]U�"�mB�ɖ�M2 ���b½�x�*c�A�|�u�?���-��6����U���-b(*-��#�mq����&Μ�uu����?�. No thinker of any consequence today subscribes to the âverification principleâ as a general criterion of meaningfulness.  One aspect of the positivists I concern, however, is very much with us.  Although we do not buy the whole logical positivist theory, many of us are quite impressed with the basic notion that a fact ought to make a difference.  This concern is vividly presented in the oft-quoted parable of Antony Flew: Once upon a time two explorers came upon a clearing in the jungle.  In the clearing were growing many flowers and many weeds.  One explorer says, ‘Some gardener must tend this plot.’ So they pitch their tents and set a watch.  No gardener is ever seen.  ‘But perhaps he is an invisible gardener.’ So they set up a barbed-wire fence.  They electrify it.  They patrol with bloodhounds. But no shrieks ever suggest that some intruder has received a shock.  No movements of the wire ever betray an invisible climber. The bloodhounds never give cry.  Yet still the Believer is not convinced.  ‘But there is a gardener, invisible, intangible, insensible to electric shocks, a gardener who has no scent and makes no sound, a gardener who comes secretly to look after the garden which he loves.’ At last the Sceptic despairs, ‘But what remains of your original assertion?  Just how does what you call an invisible, intangible, eternally elusive gardener differ from an imaginary gardener or even from no gardener at all?’4. Immanence, in philosophy and theology, a term applied, in contradistinction to “transcendence,” to the fact or condition of being entirely within something (from Latin immanere, “to dwell in, remain”). �Wᛰ�c^�6���/i�Y��ˏ�X��&/B[��M��|�pI�����P�b[�\� ��7!�߆����7�"��r�]V{�d�W���z�wV.���7��7�zs� ��[6���I+���[��S��eT�P꼮�Ͷ Enemies of some theology! Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article provides an investigation of Klaus Nürnberger’s doctrine of God, with special reference to transcendence and immanence. One who serves God as lord will obey his verbal revelation without question.  One who loves Christ as Lord will keep his commandments.27 God’s lordship, transcendence, demands unconditional belief in and obedience to the words of revelation; it never relativizes or softens the authority of these words.  But how can that be?  Is Scripture itself guilty of idolizing human words?  The answer is simply that Scripture does not regard verbal revelation as merely human words.  Verbal revelation, according to Scripture, is the Word of God, as well as the word of man.  As with the incarnate Christ, verbal revelation has divine qualities as well as human qualities.  Most particularly, it is divine as to its authority.  To obey God’s word is to obey Him; to disobey God’s word is to disobey Him.  Unconditional obedience to verbal revelation is not idolatry of human words; it is simply a recognition of the divinity of God’s own words.  It is the deference which we owe to God as our creator and redeemer. Flew’s objection, therefore, is not to be lightly dismissed.  There is a sense in which, not only the language of âsophisticated religious peopleâ but even the language of simple Christian believers, fails to measure up to his challenge.  God-language resists falsification.  It is difficult to say what would refute a faith-assertion; for faith requires us to resist all temptation to doubt, within the faith-language, no terms can be specified for renouncing the faith-assertions; for faith excludes, prohibits, such renouncement. Immanence is usually applied in monotheistic, pantheistic, pandeistic, or panentheistic faiths to suggest that the spiritual world permeates the mundane. What is Antony Flewâs âbasic commitmentâ?  To reason?  To âacademic integrityâ of some sort?  To a secular ethic?  To religious agnosticism? T heologians talk about the immanence and transcendence of God. In fact, there are only two basic kinds of existence: God and everything else, all … 2.    If the first form of our objection was raised primarily by linguists, philosophers of language and their entourage, the second form (though similarly focused on language) arises out of broader epistemological and metaphysical concerns.  In the 1920s and 30s, the philosophy of logical positivism attempted to divide all philosophically important language into three categories: (a) tautologies (âA book is a book,â âEither it is raining or it is not rainingâ), (b) contradictions (âIt is raining and it is not raining.â âThe table is square and it is not squareâ), and (c) assertions of empirical fact (âThere is a bird on the roof,â âThe President has put price controls on beefâ).  Tautologies, on this view, were said to be true purely by virtue of the meanings of the terms, and contradictions false on the same account.  Empirical assertions could be either true or false, and their truth or falsity was said to be ascertainable by something like the methods of natural science.  When someone claims to state a fact, but upon examination it turns out that this âfactâ cannot be verified or falsified by such methods, then, said the positivists, this utterance is not a statement of fact at all; it is not an âempirical assertionâ; it is neither true nor false.  Such an unverifiable utterance may have a use as poetry, expression of feeling or the like, but it does not state any fact about the world; it is (to use the positivists’ technical term) âcognitively meaningless,â it does not measure up to the âverification criterion of meaning.â On such grounds, the positivists dismissed metaphysical statements (âMind is the absolute coming to self-consciousnessâ) and theological statements (âGod is loveâ) as cognitively meaningless.  Ethical statements (âStealing is wrongâ) also were seen, not as statements of fact, but as expressions of attitude, commands, or some other non-informative type of language.2, As a general theory of meaningfulness, logical positivism was too crude to last very long.  Disputes quickly arose over what methods of verification were to be tolerated, how conclusive the verification or falsification must be and other matters too technical to discuss here.  Many felt that the whole project was to some extent a rationalization of prejudice â not an objective analysis of what constitutes âmeaningfulness,â but an attempt to get rid of language distasteful to various philosophers by constructing a âprincipleâ arbitrarily designed for that purpose.3. It means that God is above, other than, and distinct from all he has made - he transcends it all. A biblical view of transcendence does not mean that God is unable to enter into His creation or communicate with it. https://www.learnreligions.com/god-is-transcendent-and-immanent-251063 Flew does not suggest that all religious language succumbs to this difficulty, or even that all language about God is in jeopardy.  He seems to be thinking mainly of what âoftenâ happens in the thought of âsophisticated religious people.â5 Still, his knife cuts deep.  Can any Christian believer offer a straightforward answer to Flew’s concluding question, âWhat would have to occur or to have occurred to constitute for you a disproof of the love of, or of the existence of, God?â6  Our first impulse is to say with the apostle Paul, âIf Christ hath not been raised, then is our preaching vain, and your faith is also vain.â7 The Resurrection shows that God does make a difference!  Disprove the Resurrection, and you disprove God.  The Resurrection (but of course not only the Resurrection!) God as “other”, and God as “near” are two key elements of Biblical doctrine. These considerations do not prove that Scripture is the word of God.  They do show, however, that the biblical doctrine of divine transcendence does not compromise the authority of verbal revelation.  One may, indeed, prefer Barth’s concept of transcendence to the biblical one; but such a view may not be paraded and displayed as the authentic Christian position. Something else, in which the witness answers for the truth of this something else.12 argument essentially this! As defined by the Free Dictionary ' is `` Existing or remaining within.. Love and judgment to His sovereignty pantheistic, pandeistic, or panentheistic faiths to suggest that the encompasses! Of how to reconcile the transcendence of God alludes to II Cor view. 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